Monero, a leading privacy-centric cryptocurrency, has undergone a hard fork in recent days – producing a new Monero chain in addition to the now renamed ‘Monero Classic’. The fork was initiated to protect Monero against mining centralization, as Bitmain had developed ASIC units purpose-built for mining XMR tokens.

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Monero Announces Network Upgrade

On the 28th of March, Monero announced that it had scheduled a major upgrade for April 6th – which would see network undergo a hard fork.

The official announcement gave two primary outcomes that it intended to achieve through the fork. “First, a PoW tweak to curb any potential threat of ASIC and preserved ASIC resistance, and “Second, the minimum ring size is bumped to 7.” Monero’s expansion in minimum ring size was executed in order to strengthen the privacy afforded by XMR.

It was revealed last month that Bitmain had developed a new ASIC product specifically developed to mine Monero, creating a perceived urgency to fork among developers.

ASIC Resistance Long-Running Concern Among Monero Developers

In February, Monero published a document outlining its position regarding maintaining ASIC resistance for the cryptocurrency. The post set out Monero’s then “somewhat formal stance” regarding ASIC – stating the developers’ “intention to maintain ASIC resistance by swiftly reacting to any potential threat from ASICs and considering slightly modifying the PoW at every hard fork” due to “any newly developed ASIC […] obtain[ing] a significant majority of the network hashrate and introduc[ing] centralization.”

Resisting mining centralization is described as a core value of the Monero project, with Monero stating that XMR “was forked from the Cryptonote reference implementation” that sought to “create a more egalitarian mining network and foster decentralization.” Monero’s developers “concede that ASIC may be inevitable,” however “feel that any transition to an ASIC-dominated network needs to be as egalitarian as possible in order to foster decentralization”.

Monero states that its proof-of-work system “intends to close the gap between CPU and GPU, FPGA, and ASIC mining by using a proof-of-work system that is memory bound over a moderate amount of memory.” Monero argues that this has three major benefits: “First, if mining is decentralized […] it will be very difficult to pressure miners into […] act[ing] as a censor to the Monero blockchain. Second, it will lessen the pressure toward centralization of mining in large data centers,” and “Third, it is quite difficult for government to regulate companies selling general-purpose hardware (as opposed to companies selling specialized hardware).”

Monero Resists Mining Centralization

Monero argues that “Specialized [mining] hardware will, most likely, only be designed by a few companies,” quoting Peter Todd as stating “There’s only a tiny number of companies in the world that are capable of building performance/cost competitive ASIC, basically the likes of Intel, ASMC, Globalfoundries, etc.” XMR’s developers assert that such “Creates a single point of failure [… that] has the potential to destroy the whole network.” The developers also argue that “Mining, in general, is also prone to the rich-get-richer effect, which ultimately leads to centralization.” ASICs, Monero adds, “accelerate[s] the rich-get-richer effect, because ASIC miners have no competition from” miners with less powerful hardware.

Monero’s developers concluded that they were willing to “perform an emergency hard fork to curb any potential threat from ASIC if needed” upon discovering that Bitmain had developed ASIC technology for XMR mining. In order to deter the development of future XMR-targeted ASICs units, the developers also proposed modifying Monero’s underlying “PoW hash every scheduled fork, twice a year.”

Monero Classic emerges

Despite the official announcement describing the fork as “a scheduled and consensual network upgrade” and “Thus […] a new coin won’t be created,” the fork saw the emergence of Monero Classic alongside the new Monero chain.

An official statement from Moneroclassic.org has criticized XMR’s decision to pursue ASIC-resistance, arguing that such “creates an alternative and more harmful form of centralization,” as the Monero “developers are saying that they can and will change the consensus rules whenever it suits them.” Monero Classic has pledged “to maintain the original software which follows the original rules.”